SUSIE, LUCY AND LIZ
Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women of Vision, Women of Courage
Presented
to the
Chicago Literary Club
by
Gayle E. Guthrie
January 19, 1998
On February 15, 1921, the 100th anniversary of Susan B. Anthony's
birth,
Jane Addams founder of Chicago's Hull House, presided over the
dedication
ceremony of The Portrait Monument to Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton,
and Susan B. Anthony. The Capitol Rotunda was decorated for
the occasion
with banners and wreaths in red, white, and blue. Descendants of
the
honorees, as well as representatives of more than 75 women's
organizations,
had traveled from across the country to attend. As if to
emphasize the
revolutionary nature of the suffrage movement, the ceremony began
with the
singing of La Marseillaise. The Star-Spangled
Banner,(1) which was not as yet
the official anthem of the United States, ended the program. The
statue, like
the women it portrays, was embroiled in controversy.
Ten days before, on February 10, 1921, the Joint Committee on the
Library, which oversees the Capitol Rotunda, voted to accept the
Portrait
Monument as a gift to the Women of the United States from the
National
Woman's Party. The request was made in September of 1920.
Congress had
been adjourned since June and was not scheduled to meet again
until
December 6. The Portrait Statue was not considered a priority.
It quickly
became a priority when the statue arrived in Washington on
February 5, 1921
and was placed on the east front plaza. Senator Brandegee, a
Republican from
Connecticut and the Chairman of the Joint Library Committee, had,
upon
learning of the gift, issued directions to the Architect of the
Capitol to receive
the statue and immediately place it in the Rotunda until formal
action could be
taken. These orders were either lost or ignored. The statue was
uncrated and
moved from the plaza to beneath the east front stairs to protect
it from the
elements.
Four days later, on February 9, the Chairwoman of the National
Woman's
Party, Alice Paul, issued a press release blasting the Committee
as anti-
suffrage. Later that day, a compromise was reached. The
committee agreed
to accept the statue as long as the requirement to maintain the
statue in the
Rotunda was dropped. Paul agreed to the compromise as much to
get the
statue indoors, as to continue with the plans for its dedication.
Her decision
was not popular with either side. Members of many women's
organizations
were incensed that the statue was not to be placed with the other
statues and
busts of national patriots as had been the original promise, and
the committee
was criticized for being influenced by militant
suffragists.
The group portrait to the pioneers of the woman's suffrage
movement
was sculpted by Illinois artist Adelaide Johnson from an
eight-ton block of
Carrara marble. The monument originally consisted of three
parts, the sculpture
itself, and its base, which was donated by the artist, of one
black, and one white
marble slab on which it should stand. Its total weight is
estimated at over
26,400lbs, the sculpture alone is estimated to weigh 14,000 lbs.
The monument
features portrait busts of, from left to right, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Susan B.
Anthony and Lucretia Mott, which are copies of the individual
busts Johnson
carved for the Court of Honor of the Woman's Building at the
World's
Columbian Exhibition held in Chicago in 1893. These busts are
surrounded by
rough-hewn marble at the top and sides, which is said to
represent both the
unfinished nature of the woman's rights movement and the Seal of
our nation E.
Pluribus Unum: Out of Many One.
The artist also carved the names of the women depicted on the
back of
the monument, along with her initials. On the side, she signed
and dated her
work. A stenciled inscription explaining the statue's meaning
was put on the
back, so that it would not divert attention away from the faces
of the three
women. It was a tribute to the three founders of "The Woman's
Revolution."
Speaker of the House, Frederick H. Gillett, a Republican from
Massachusetts, accepted the statue on behalf of the Congress,
stating that the
monument was "symbolic of a change of tremendous significance
which has
just occurred, the admission of women into our electorate as
equal partners in
the great business of government."(2)
The following Monday, the statue was removed to the Capitol
Crypt, or
basement, and within two weeks The Woman Patriot, a
woman's publication of
the time, reported that the "blasphemous" inscription had been
whitewashed out
at the direction of the Joint Committee on the Library. However,
Capitol Curator
Charles Fairman copied down the inscription, and it was published
in The
Woman Patriot, not lost forever (3). By October of that year
all of the paint and
the lettering had been removed. Reports differ on how often the
Portrait statue
has been shifted and moved since its original demotion; it is
agreed, however,
that from1963 onward, the statue has been continuously available
for viewing.
Who were these women whose statue caused such controversy? The
oldest, Lucretia Mott, was born in 1793 on Nantucket Island. She
was a
descendant of two of the original island settlers, Tristram
Coffin and Peter
Folger, and was thus a distant cousin of Benjamin Franklin. Her
father, Thomas
Coffin, was a sea captain and away from home for long periods of
time. The
Quaker religion was dominant on Nantucket and during the
Revolutionary War,
the island had remained a neutral port. The isolation of island
life, the long
absences of her father, and her Quaker religion combined to give
Lucretia a
sound sense of independence. While still a child, Lucretia
ventured to the
center of town. There, she witnessed a woman being whipped at
the public
whipping post. Lucretia could not remember the woman's crime,
but 75 years
later she led her grandchildren and great-grandchildren to the
spot where the
whipping post had been and told them of her great anger (4).
As a Quaker, Lucretia Mott was taught that man and women were
equal,
but when her father moved his family to the Massachusetts
mainland, she
learned otherwise. In the Boston public schools, girls were
allowed into the
facilities for only two hours per day, after the boys had left.
Lucretia was thus
sent to the Quaker Seminary in Nine Partners, New York to
complete her
education. At 15, Lucretia finished. She was such an unusually
good scholar,
especially for a woman, that she was asked to stay on as
assistant to the girls'
head teacher. Soon she learned that while the teaching duties
were the same,
men were paid appreciably more than women (5). The injustice of
this was so
apparent that she "resolved to claim for myself all that an
impartial Creator had
bestowed."(6) During this time, she met another schoolteacher,
James Mott. The
pair moved to Philadelphia, where James was given a position by
Lucretia's
father, and was married in 1811.
At the age of 25, Lucretia was elected as a minister, following
the usual
Quaker rule. There were no trained or professional ministers,
one sat in
meditation until moved to speak. Those with a "gift in the
ministry" were
recommended at a meeting of the Church Elders. If approved, they
became
official ministers who traveled as itinerant preachers, relying
on inspiration, not
written sermons. (7)
Both Lucretia and James Mott were deeply involved in the
abolition of
slavery, as were many Quakers of the time. The Motts entertained
leaders of
the anti-slavery movement in their home, and Lucretia helped to
found the
Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, one of the first groups
organized and
run by women. This was the cause of a rift in the Pennsylvania
Anti-Slavery
Society, which split into two factions, one which admitted women
to full and
equal membership and one which did not.
In 1840, both Lucretia and James Mott were elected as delegates
to the
World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Also elected as a
delegate was
Henry Stanton, who had brought his bride of a few weeks,
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton. All the American delegates stayed at the same lodging
house, which
made for lively discussion of the issues and allowed the two
women to form a
bond of friendship. Later, when asked what impressed her most in
Europe,
Elizabeth replied, "Lucretia Mott!" (8)
Elizabeth Cady was the seventh child and middle daughter of the
first
family of Johnstown, New York. Her father, Daniel Cady, was the
attorney for
Peter Smith, Cady's brother-in-law and John Jacob Astor's
partner. He later was
elected to Congress and ended his career as a circuit court
judge. Elizabeth
grew up with wealth and privilege, but it was not a happy
household. Of the
eleven Cady children, all six boys died before adulthood. In her
autobiography,
Elizabeth remembers sitting before the casket of her brother and
hearing her
father say, "Oh, my daughter, I wish you were a boy!" The
10-year-old Elizabeth
replied, "I will try to be all my brother was." (9)
Judge Cady encouraged his daughter's intellectual pursuits by
allowing
her to attend courtroom trials, read his law books, and debate
issues with his
house guests and clerks over the dining table. Yet, when
Elizabeth won the
prize for Greek scholarship at the Johnstown Academy, he forbade
her to
attend college and sent her to the Troy Female Seminary, instead.
In 1840, when Henry Stanton proposed marriage to the 23-year-old
Elizabeth Cady, her family was vehemently opposed, even though
Elizabeth
was past the general marriage age and in jeopardy of becoming a
spinster.
Stanton was a known abolitionist agent. Although from a Mayflower
family, he
had no prospects of a stable financial future. In 1834, he and
his friend,
Theodore Weld, had been removed from the faculty of the Lane,
Ohio Seminary
and had started their own institution at Oberlin, Ohio where they
insisted on the
admission of Negroes and women. Judge Cady opposed the union on
both
financial and political grounds. It was his belief that
visionaries and fanatics
were incapable of earning a living. He lectured Elizabeth about
her loss of
financial independence by marrying, and even threatened to
disinherit her if she
chose Stanton. When she learned that Henry would be abroad for
eight months
attending the World Anti-Slavery Convention, she insisted that
they marry
before the journey. (10)
At the convention, women were allowed into the Freemason's Hall
only
after extraordinary pressure was applied. Immediately following
the opening
ceremonies, the question of the recognition of women delegates
was raised.
Dr. Bowring, a member of the British Parliament questioned, "Are
American
women coming to England as representatives...not to be welcomed
with honor?" (11)
Obviously not. All the women, whether credentialed as a delegate
as
was Lucretia Mott, or observers like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, were
segregated
into a railed and curtained section like cattle. There, they
could neither see nor
be seen, but they were allowed to hear. The motion to admit
women was
ultimately defeated, but Henry Stanton, who had earlier opposed
the right of
women to be included, had reconsidered, and spoke eloquently in
favor of the
female delegates. It was during their time behind the curtain
that Lucretia and
Elizabeth vowed to hold a woman's rights convention and to begin
a crusade to
end such injustice.
It was not until eight years later, in the summer of 1848, that
the two met
again. The year before, the Stantons and their three lively sons
had moved to
Seneca Falls, New York into a house given them by Judge Cady. He
deeded
the house solely to Elizabeth, but until the passage of the
Married Women's
Property Act of 1848, her property was legally Henry's. (12) The
bill had been
prompted by wealthy landowners who were tired of seeing the farms
they had
given their daughters for dowry go out of their hands and into
those of their
sons-in-law. Nonetheless, the married women of New York state
were now the
first in the nation to have any legal protection from their
husbands.
On July 13, 1848, over tea at the home of Jane Hunt in Waterloo,
New
York, Lucretia Mott, her sister Martha Wright, Mary Ann
McClintock, and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton discussed the issues of the day. All
except Stanton
were Quakers; all were actively involved in the Abolitionist
cause. As they
chatted, Mott and Stanton recalled their vow, and the group
decided to put their
long-discussed resolution into action. Still sitting at the tea
table, they
composed a call to a woman's rights convention to be published in
the Seneca
County Courier the next day. (13)
They had given themselves very little time, less than a week, to
plan the
program and put together the Convention. It was to be held in
the Wesleyan
Chapel at Seneca Falls, the following Wednesday and Thursday.
The notice
also specified that the first day was to be exclusively for
women, and Lucretia
Mott was named the featured speaker. On Sunday, July 16, they
met again to
plan speech topics and to write their declarations and
resolutions.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote A Declaration of Rights and
Sentiments as
a paraphrase of Jefferson. It begins as follows:
"When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary
for one portion of the family of man to assume among the
people of the earth a position different from that which
they
have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature
and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the
causes that impel them to such a course.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and
women
are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator
with
certain inalienable rights; that among these are life,
liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights
governments are
instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the
governed. "Whenever any form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who
suffer from it
to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the
institution of a new
government, laying its foundation on such principles, and
organizing
its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to
effect
their safety and happiness."
Stanton then began the list of injustices, starting with the
statement:
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries
and
usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in
direct
object the Establishment of an absolute tyranny over her."
(14)
The list of injustices covered such topics as:
* the right to the elective franchise
* submission to laws in which women had no voice in formation
* the removal of all civil rights upon marriage
* her right to her own property
* her right to her own wages
* the right of men to "chastise" wives, ie. physical abuse
* divorce laws
* child custody laws
* equal pay for equal work
* equal educational opportunities
* equal employment opportunities
* equal ministerial rights
* the moral double standard
The list of grievances ended with "[man] has endeavored, in every
way
that he could to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to
lessen her self-
respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject
life." (15)
It was Lucretia Mott's idea to include economic and social
injustices;
Stanton believed that without the right to vote, the other goals
could not be
achieved. The combination made the Declaration a strong and
comprehensive
document.
Like all hosts, the planners were afraid that nobody would come
to their
event. In fact, on the first day of the convention, the road to
Seneca Falls was
clogged with buggies. More than one hundred people, both men and
women,
crowded into the tiny chapel. After a hurried conference, it was
decided to
allow the men to join them, although the Courier
advertisement has specified
the first day for women only. James Mott presided over the
meeting, since
none of the conveners felt sufficiently comfortable with
parliamentary procedure,
especially in front of such a large group.
The Declaration of Sentiments was read, reread, debated, and
adopted.
The resolutions were presented next. These dealt with such
things as, the
repeal of laws that placed women on an unequal status with men,
equal
standards of moral conduct and an end to objections of
"indelicacy and
impropriety" of women addressing public meetings. The ninth
resolution caused
Lucretia Mott to gasp when she learned of it, "Why Lizzie, thee
will make us
ridiculous!" (16)
Stanton considered, then at the proper time rose before the
assembly and
said, "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country
to secure
themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise." (17)
She then spoke to her
motion. "Strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right
to vote
according to the declaration of the government under which we
live. We should
not feel so sorely grieved if no man who had not attained the
full stature of a
Webster, Clay, Van Buren, or Gerrit Smith could claim the right
of elective
franchise. But to have drunkards, idiots, horse racing
rum-selling rowdies,
ignorant foreigners, and silly boys fully recognized, while we
ourselves are
thrust out from all the rights that belong to citizens, is too
grossly insulting
to...be longer quietly submitted to. The right is ours. Have it
we must. Use it
we will. The pens, the tongues, the fortunes, the indomitable
wills of many
women are already pledged to secure this right." (18)
The assembly sat in stunned silence. Former slave and publisher
of The
North Star, Frederick Douglas, jumped into the breach and
spoke in favor of the
resolution. Finally, after long and heated debate the motion
carried by a narrow
margin. True to Lucretia Mott's prediction, the mainstream press
throughout the
nation criticized and ridiculed the concept of a woman's right to
vote. The
barrage was so heavy that some of the Sentiment signers
were forced by their
husbands to remove their names. Only Horace Greeley's New
York Tribune
took the convention seriously; "It is easy to be smart, to be
droll, to be facetious
in opposition to the demands of these Female Reformers; and in
decrying
assumptions so novel and opposite to established habits and
usages, a little wit
will go a great way ....However unwise and mistaken the demand,
it is but the
assertion of a natural right and as such must be conceded."
(19)
As planned at the end of the Seneca Falls meeting, a second
convention
was held in August in Rochester, New York. This meeting was the
first entirely
presided over by women. Fewer people but more critics and press
attended, as
did Quaker Daniel Anthony. His daughter, Susan was out of town.
In 1849, Lucretia Mott published a pamphlet, Discourse on
Women in
which she argued the connection between economic and political
freedom."Let
woman then go on not asking favors, but claiming as a right the
removal of all
hindrances to her elevation in the scale of being," (20) she
wrote.
In the decade following the Seneca Falls convention, Mott
continued to
speak for the rights of women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton planned
tostay at home,
managing the demands of her husband's state senate career and her
rambunctious sons. She had voluminous correspondence and wrote
suffragist
articles for Amelia Bloomer's monthly magazine, Lily. It
was as the guest of
Amelia Bloomer that Stanton and Susan B. Anthony finally met in
1851. That
same year, Stanton acquired a housekeeper, friend and confidante,
Amelia
Willard, who stayed with her for the next 30 years. The
combination of the two
events resulted in an alliance for the cause of women's rights
that lasted for the
next fifty years.
Quaker Susan Brownell Anthony, was the second of eight children
born to
a failed Massachusetts cotton mill owner, who moved to New York
to become a
farmer. She was trained as a schoolteacher and earned one-quarter
the amount
that her male colleagues were paid. When her father succeeded in
the
insurance business, Susan took over management of the family farm
near
Rochester. (21) Unmarried and with fewer domestic duties to keep
her from public
activity, Stanton quickly enlisted Anthony in the cause of
women's rights.
Anthony was already involved with both the temperance movement of
Frances
Willard and the abolitionists.
In the beginning, Stanton provided the ideas, rhetoric and
strategy. As
Anthony is believed to have said at the time, "Lizzie provides
the bombs, I just
throw them." Stanton and Anthony understood and depended upon
each other.
Stanton relied on Anthony for news and connection to the women's
rights
cause; Anthony needed Stanton as a sounding board, wordsmith and
strategic
planner. When possible, they traveled together to gather
petitions, testify before
state legislatures, and further the feminist cause.
As the civil war drew nearer, the work of abolition took primary
importance in both women's lives. In 1862, Stanton wrote to
William Seward,
"this war is a simultaneous chorus for freedom." (22) She
believed that feminists
would earn the gratitude of abolitionists, and both Negroes and
women would
be rewarded with suffrage when the Union cause was won. Susan B.
Anthony
opposed the war on moral grounds, in keeping with her Quaker
faith. Each
continued to work on the underground railroad and, when possible,
for the
cause of women's rights. In 1863, Anthony and Stanton formed the
Women's
Loyal National League to press for a constitutional amendment to
abolish
slavery, (23) and organized the largest petition drive ever seen
in New York up to
that time, in support of the Thirteenth Amendment.
Instead, in the five years following the Civil War, they found
themselves
opposed by the Republican majority in Congress, their former
allies in the anti-
slavery movement and, even by the former slaves they had
campaigned to free.
In August of 1865, Anthony and Stanton saw the significance of
the word "male"
in the Fourteenth Amendment. The argument that black and white
women
deserved the vote as much as freedmen had few advocates. To rally
support,
they announced the first women's rights convention since the war,
basing their
appeal on Equality to All. Few people came. One who did was
Sojourner Truth,
the former slave famous for her "Ain't I a Woman" speech.
(24)
When the Fourteenth Amendment passed, it defined voters
specifically
as "male citizens." By one small word in the second clause,
women were
eliminated. In the crusade to end slavery, none had pleaded more
eloquently
for the Negro as had women. None had been so dishonored or
vilified as had
Mott, Stanton, Anthony, and those that followed them. Yet, even
in the face of
anger, despair and disappointment, they continued the fight for
woman's
suffrage until the end of their lives'. Mott, the oldest, passed
away in 1880. Of
her, Susan B. Anthony wrote, "Mrs. Mott fought a triple battle,
first in the
Religious Society... she was persecuted and ostracized by many of
her old and
best friends. Then, second, Anti-Slavery for her work she was
almost turned out
of the Society, then for her woman's rights she again lost the
favor of many of
her oldest and best friends, but through it all she was ever
sweetly tempered
and self poised." (25)
Anthony and Stanton then founded the National Woman Suffrage
Association. Under its banner they criss-crossed the nation
petitioning,
planning, leading, lecturing and praying for the right to vote.
It was opposed by
a rival, more conservative group, the American Woman Suffrage
Association.
The schism diluted the impact of feminism until the groups
finally merged, with
Anthony as President, twenty years later. Although the
friendship never
lagged, each woman pursued a separate course. Anthony remained
at the
forefront of the suffrage struggle. Stanton, resigned from most
of the
organizations that she had founded, wrote The Woman's
Bible, for which she
was vilified, and preferred to reflect on larger issues.
Nonetheless, she
dedicated her autobiography "to Susan B. Anthony, my steadfast
friend for half
a century."(26) When Elizabeth Cady Stanton died in 1902, a
photo of Anthony
was placed atop her coffin.
Four years later, in Washington, D.C. Susan B. Anthony responded
in
fury to a letter from President Theodore Roosevelt that
congratulated her on her
eighty-sixth birthday and praised her work. "I wish that men
would do something
besides extend congratulations. I have asked President Roosevelt
to push the
matter of a constitutional amendment allowing suffrage to women
by a
recommendation to Congress for the cause than to praise me
endlessly." Then
the old campaigner looked about the room and continued, "there
have been
others also just as true and devoted to the cause I wish I could
name every
one but with such women consecrating their lives, failure is
impossible." It was
her final public utterance. She died less than a month later.
(27)
In 1919, the Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment to the
United
States Constitution. On August 26,1920, Tennessee became the
thirty-sixth
state to ratify the Amendment. It took 72 years for women to get
the vote.
On June 26 of last year, I attended the rededication of the
Portrait
Monument in the Capitol Rotunda. Once again, it was embroiled in
controversy.
Over the years there have been four attempts to move the statue
to a place of
prominence and honor. Finally, in 1995 the Senate unanimously
passed a
resolution to return the statue to the Rotunda. The House of
Representatives,
however, torpedoed the resolution by objecting to the use of
federal funds for
the move. All the other moves and shifts had been financed by the
government.
The Woman Suffrage Statue Campaign, which had spearheaded the
relocation
effort, raised the necessary funds. The House then passed the
resolution on the
further condition that the relocation be for only a year, after
which a bipartisan
Congressional commission would select a permanent site.
That did not end the controversy. C. DeLores Tucker, Chair of
the
National Political Congress of Black Women, wants the statue to
be re-chiseled
to include Sojourner Truth. Joan Meacham, Co-Chair of the Statue
campaign
responded, "Out of the 196 statues in the Capitol, only five are
of women.
Surely the Rotunda will not fall down if both this statue and
another to Sojourner
Truth were within its walls." (28)
"It took 72 years for women to get the vote and 76 years to get
the statue
moved," said Rep. Carolyn Maloney, a New York Democrat. "They
said the
statue was too ugly to stand in the Rotunda," Maloney continued.
"Have you
looked at Abraham Lincoln lately? He wasn't place in the Rotunda
because of
his good looks and neither were these women. They are here
because of their
accomplishments." (29)
The original inscription has not been reattached. Rep. Bill
Thomas of
California, Co-Chair of the Joint Committee on the Library
believes that it is too
strong and will not allow it to be seen in the Capitol Rotunda.
It reads:
Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton
The three great destiny characters of the world whose
spiritual import and historical significance transcend that
of all
others of any country or age.
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the call of that
first woman's rights convention of 1848 initiated and
Susan B.
Anthony marshaling the latent forces through three
generations
down more than a half century of time guided the only
fundamental
universal uprising on our planet. The Woman's
Revolution.
Principle not policy; justice, not favor; men, their rights and
nothing
more; women, their rights and nothing less, was the clarion
call to
the most astounding upheaval of all time. A call which waked
the
world, signaled and inaugurated a revolution without
tradition or
precedent, and proclaimed the first incontrovertible concept
of
human freedom that of individual liberty personal
responsibility,
including women.
Woman, first denied a soul, then called mindless, now arisen
declared herself an entity to be reckoned.
This mightiest of revolutions encircling the globe accomplishing
without bloodshed the overthrow of entrenched dogma and
hoary
bigotries reached to the farthermost roots of being.
Here indeed
was the first, the only impeachable demand for right
as might ever
made.
Spiritually the woman movement is the all-enfolding one. It
represents the emancipation of womanhood. The release of
the
feminine principle in humanity. The moral integration of
human
evolution come to rescue torn and struggling humanity from
its
savage self.
Historically these three stand unique and peerless. (30)
This upcoming Mother's Day, I will be there to help ensure
that this statue
of my foremothers remains where it belongs, among the patriots
and fighters for
liberty. I hope that those of you that believe that the right to
vote is the
fundamental freedom will join me.
The End
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bacon, Margaret Hope, Valiant Friend, The Life of Lucretia Mott,
Walker
and Company, New York, 1980.
Burnett, Constance Buel, Five For Freedom, Lucretia Mott,
Elizabeth
Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt,
Greenwood Press Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1953
Griffith, Elisabeth, In Her Own Right, The Life of Elizabeth Cady
Stanton,
Oxford University Press, New York,1984.
Sherr, Lynn and Kazickas, Jurate, Susan B. Anthony Slept Here A
Guide
to American Women's Landmarks, Times Books/Random House,
1976.
Sherr, Lynn, Failure is Impossible Susan B. Anthony in Her Own
Words,
Times Books/Random House, 1995.
FOOTNOTES
(1) The Star-Spangled Banner was named U.S. Anthem by
Presidential Proclamation
in 1916. It was confirmed by Congress in 1931. Columbia - Viking
Desk Encyclopedia,
1953.
(2) June 26, 1997 Suffragist Statue Ceremonies press packet
background information paper
from The Joint Committee on the Library.
(3) The Woman Patriot,vol 5, nos 8 & 9, Washington, D.C.,
Feb.26, 1921, p.8 as
quoted by the Office of the Curator, Architect of the Capitol,
August, 1995.
(4) Bacon, Margaret Hope, Valiant Friend, The Life of Lucretia
Mott, Walker and
Company, 1980, p. 11.
(5) Burnett, Constance Buel, (U>Five For Freedom, Greenwood
Press, Westport, CT
1953, p. 23.
(6) Bacon, p. 26.
(7) Burnett, p. 26.
(8) Burnett, p. 51.
(9) Griffith, Elisabeth, In Her Own Right, The Life of
Elizabeth Cady Stanton(/U>,
Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 8.
(10) Ibid. p. 32.
(11) Burnett, p. 43.
(12). Griffith, p. 49.
(13) Bacon p. 126.
(14) Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Declaration of Sentiments,
1848, copy provided by
The Women's Rights National Historical Park, Seneca Falls,
N.Y.
(15) Ibid.
(16) Bacon, p. 128.
(17) Griffith, p. 56.
(18) Ibid, p. 57.
(19) Ibid, p. 58.
(20) Bacon, p. 136.
(21) Griffith, p. 73.
(22) Ibid, p.108.
(23) Sherr, Lynn, Susan B. Anthony, In Her Own Words,
Times Books/Random
House, New York, 1995, p. 34.
(24) Griffith p. 125.
(25) Bacon, p. 230.
(26) Griffith, p. 214.
(27) Sherr, p. 324.
(28) Guthrie, Gayle E., The Illinois Bulletin, Illinois
Federation of Business &
Professional Women, September, 1997, p. 10.
(29) TheChicago Tribune, June 27, 1997, p. 3.
(30) Inscription copied by Curator Charles Fairman, C. 1921 &
published in The Woman
Patriot, vol 5, nos. 8&9, Washington, D.C., Feb. 26, 1929, p.
8.
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