SUSIE, LUCY AND LIZ

Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women of Vision, Women of Courage

Presented to the
Chicago Literary Club

by
Gayle E. Guthrie
January 19, 1998

On February 15, 1921, the 100th anniversary of Susan B. Anthony's birth, Jane Addams founder of Chicago's Hull House, presided over the dedication ceremony of The Portrait Monument to Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. The Capitol Rotunda was decorated for the occasion with banners and wreaths in red, white, and blue. Descendants of the honorees, as well as representatives of more than 75 women's organizations, had traveled from across the country to attend. As if to emphasize the revolutionary nature of the suffrage movement, the ceremony began with the singing of La Marseillaise. The Star-Spangled Banner,(1) which was not as yet the official anthem of the United States, ended the program. The statue, like the women it portrays, was embroiled in controversy.

Ten days before, on February 10, 1921, the Joint Committee on the Library, which oversees the Capitol Rotunda, voted to accept the Portrait Monument as a gift to the Women of the United States from the National Woman's Party. The request was made in September of 1920. Congress had been adjourned since June and was not scheduled to meet again until December 6. The Portrait Statue was not considered a priority. It quickly became a priority when the statue arrived in Washington on February 5, 1921 and was placed on the east front plaza. Senator Brandegee, a Republican from Connecticut and the Chairman of the Joint Library Committee, had, upon learning of the gift, issued directions to the Architect of the Capitol to receive the statue and immediately place it in the Rotunda until formal action could be taken. These orders were either lost or ignored. The statue was uncrated and moved from the plaza to beneath the east front stairs to protect it from the elements.

Four days later, on February 9, the Chairwoman of the National Woman's Party, Alice Paul, issued a press release blasting the Committee as anti- suffrage. Later that day, a compromise was reached. The committee agreed to accept the statue as long as the requirement to maintain the statue in the Rotunda was dropped. Paul agreed to the compromise as much to get the statue indoors, as to continue with the plans for its dedication. Her decision was not popular with either side. Members of many women's organizations were incensed that the statue was not to be placed with the other statues and busts of national patriots as had been the original promise, and the committee was criticized for being influenced by militant suffragists.

The group portrait to the pioneers of the woman's suffrage movement was sculpted by Illinois artist Adelaide Johnson from an eight-ton block of Carrara marble. The monument originally consisted of three parts, the sculpture itself, and its base, which was donated by the artist, of one black, and one white marble slab on which it should stand. Its total weight is estimated at over 26,400lbs, the sculpture alone is estimated to weigh 14,000 lbs. The monument features portrait busts of, from left to right, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and Lucretia Mott, which are copies of the individual busts Johnson carved for the Court of Honor of the Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exhibition held in Chicago in 1893. These busts are surrounded by rough-hewn marble at the top and sides, which is said to represent both the unfinished nature of the woman's rights movement and the Seal of our nation E. Pluribus Unum: Out of Many One.

The artist also carved the names of the women depicted on the back of the monument, along with her initials. On the side, she signed and dated her work. A stenciled inscription explaining the statue's meaning was put on the back, so that it would not divert attention away from the faces of the three women. It was a tribute to the three founders of "The Woman's Revolution." Speaker of the House, Frederick H. Gillett, a Republican from Massachusetts, accepted the statue on behalf of the Congress, stating that the monument was "symbolic of a change of tremendous significance which has just occurred, the admission of women into our electorate as equal partners in the great business of government."(2)

The following Monday, the statue was removed to the Capitol Crypt, or basement, and within two weeks The Woman Patriot, a woman's publication of the time, reported that the "blasphemous" inscription had been whitewashed out at the direction of the Joint Committee on the Library. However, Capitol Curator Charles Fairman copied down the inscription, and it was published in The Woman Patriot, not lost forever (3). By October of that year all of the paint and the lettering had been removed. Reports differ on how often the Portrait statue has been shifted and moved since its original demotion; it is agreed, however, that from1963 onward, the statue has been continuously available for viewing. Who were these women whose statue caused such controversy? The oldest, Lucretia Mott, was born in 1793 on Nantucket Island. She was a descendant of two of the original island settlers, Tristram Coffin and Peter Folger, and was thus a distant cousin of Benjamin Franklin. Her father, Thomas Coffin, was a sea captain and away from home for long periods of time. The Quaker religion was dominant on Nantucket and during the Revolutionary War, the island had remained a neutral port. The isolation of island life, the long absences of her father, and her Quaker religion combined to give Lucretia a sound sense of independence. While still a child, Lucretia ventured to the center of town. There, she witnessed a woman being whipped at the public whipping post. Lucretia could not remember the woman's crime, but 75 years later she led her grandchildren and great-grandchildren to the spot where the whipping post had been and told them of her great anger (4).

As a Quaker, Lucretia Mott was taught that man and women were equal, but when her father moved his family to the Massachusetts mainland, she learned otherwise. In the Boston public schools, girls were allowed into the facilities for only two hours per day, after the boys had left. Lucretia was thus sent to the Quaker Seminary in Nine Partners, New York to complete her education. At 15, Lucretia finished. She was such an unusually good scholar, especially for a woman, that she was asked to stay on as assistant to the girls' head teacher. Soon she learned that while the teaching duties were the same, men were paid appreciably more than women (5). The injustice of this was so apparent that she "resolved to claim for myself all that an impartial Creator had bestowed."(6) During this time, she met another schoolteacher, James Mott. The pair moved to Philadelphia, where James was given a position by Lucretia's father, and was married in 1811.

At the age of 25, Lucretia was elected as a minister, following the usual Quaker rule. There were no trained or professional ministers, one sat in meditation until moved to speak. Those with a "gift in the ministry" were recommended at a meeting of the Church Elders. If approved, they became official ministers who traveled as itinerant preachers, relying on inspiration, not written sermons. (7)

Both Lucretia and James Mott were deeply involved in the abolition of slavery, as were many Quakers of the time. The Motts entertained leaders of the anti-slavery movement in their home, and Lucretia helped to found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, one of the first groups organized and run by women. This was the cause of a rift in the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, which split into two factions, one which admitted women to full and equal membership and one which did not.

In 1840, both Lucretia and James Mott were elected as delegates to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Also elected as a delegate was Henry Stanton, who had brought his bride of a few weeks, Elizabeth Cady Stanton. All the American delegates stayed at the same lodging house, which made for lively discussion of the issues and allowed the two women to form a bond of friendship. Later, when asked what impressed her most in Europe, Elizabeth replied, "Lucretia Mott!" (8)

Elizabeth Cady was the seventh child and middle daughter of the first family of Johnstown, New York. Her father, Daniel Cady, was the attorney for Peter Smith, Cady's brother-in-law and John Jacob Astor's partner. He later was elected to Congress and ended his career as a circuit court judge. Elizabeth grew up with wealth and privilege, but it was not a happy household. Of the eleven Cady children, all six boys died before adulthood. In her autobiography, Elizabeth remembers sitting before the casket of her brother and hearing her father say, "Oh, my daughter, I wish you were a boy!" The 10-year-old Elizabeth replied, "I will try to be all my brother was." (9)

Judge Cady encouraged his daughter's intellectual pursuits by allowing her to attend courtroom trials, read his law books, and debate issues with his house guests and clerks over the dining table. Yet, when Elizabeth won the prize for Greek scholarship at the Johnstown Academy, he forbade her to attend college and sent her to the Troy Female Seminary, instead. In 1840, when Henry Stanton proposed marriage to the 23-year-old Elizabeth Cady, her family was vehemently opposed, even though Elizabeth was past the general marriage age and in jeopardy of becoming a spinster. Stanton was a known abolitionist agent. Although from a Mayflower family, he had no prospects of a stable financial future. In 1834, he and his friend, Theodore Weld, had been removed from the faculty of the Lane, Ohio Seminary and had started their own institution at Oberlin, Ohio where they insisted on the admission of Negroes and women. Judge Cady opposed the union on both financial and political grounds. It was his belief that visionaries and fanatics were incapable of earning a living. He lectured Elizabeth about her loss of financial independence by marrying, and even threatened to disinherit her if she chose Stanton. When she learned that Henry would be abroad for eight months attending the World Anti-Slavery Convention, she insisted that they marry before the journey. (10)

At the convention, women were allowed into the Freemason's Hall only after extraordinary pressure was applied. Immediately following the opening ceremonies, the question of the recognition of women delegates was raised. Dr. Bowring, a member of the British Parliament questioned, "Are American women coming to England as representatives...not to be welcomed with honor?" (11)

Obviously not. All the women, whether credentialed as a delegate as was Lucretia Mott, or observers like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, were segregated into a railed and curtained section like cattle. There, they could neither see nor be seen, but they were allowed to hear. The motion to admit women was ultimately defeated, but Henry Stanton, who had earlier opposed the right of women to be included, had reconsidered, and spoke eloquently in favor of the female delegates. It was during their time behind the curtain that Lucretia and Elizabeth vowed to hold a woman's rights convention and to begin a crusade to end such injustice.

It was not until eight years later, in the summer of 1848, that the two met again. The year before, the Stantons and their three lively sons had moved to Seneca Falls, New York into a house given them by Judge Cady. He deeded the house solely to Elizabeth, but until the passage of the Married Women's Property Act of 1848, her property was legally Henry's. (12) The bill had been prompted by wealthy landowners who were tired of seeing the farms they had given their daughters for dowry go out of their hands and into those of their sons-in-law. Nonetheless, the married women of New York state were now the first in the nation to have any legal protection from their husbands.

On July 13, 1848, over tea at the home of Jane Hunt in Waterloo, New York, Lucretia Mott, her sister Martha Wright, Mary Ann McClintock, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton discussed the issues of the day. All except Stanton were Quakers; all were actively involved in the Abolitionist cause. As they chatted, Mott and Stanton recalled their vow, and the group decided to put their long-discussed resolution into action. Still sitting at the tea table, they composed a call to a woman's rights convention to be published in the Seneca County Courier the next day. (13)

They had given themselves very little time, less than a week, to plan the program and put together the Convention. It was to be held in the Wesleyan Chapel at Seneca Falls, the following Wednesday and Thursday. The notice also specified that the first day was to be exclusively for women, and Lucretia Mott was named the featured speaker. On Sunday, July 16, they met again to plan speech topics and to write their declarations and resolutions. Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote A Declaration of Rights and Sentiments as a paraphrase of Jefferson. It begins as follows:
"When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course.

"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. "Whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness."
Stanton then began the list of injustices, starting with the statement:
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the Establishment of an absolute tyranny over her." (14)
The list of injustices covered such topics as:
* the right to the elective franchise
* submission to laws in which women had no voice in formation
* the removal of all civil rights upon marriage
* her right to her own property
* her right to her own wages
* the right of men to "chastise" wives, ie. physical abuse
* divorce laws
* child custody laws
* equal pay for equal work
* equal educational opportunities
* equal employment opportunities
* equal ministerial rights
* the moral double standard
The list of grievances ended with "[man] has endeavored, in every way that he could to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self- respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life." (15) It was Lucretia Mott's idea to include economic and social injustices; Stanton believed that without the right to vote, the other goals could not be achieved. The combination made the Declaration a strong and comprehensive document.

Like all hosts, the planners were afraid that nobody would come to their event. In fact, on the first day of the convention, the road to Seneca Falls was clogged with buggies. More than one hundred people, both men and women, crowded into the tiny chapel. After a hurried conference, it was decided to allow the men to join them, although the Courier advertisement has specified the first day for women only. James Mott presided over the meeting, since none of the conveners felt sufficiently comfortable with parliamentary procedure, especially in front of such a large group.

The Declaration of Sentiments was read, reread, debated, and adopted. The resolutions were presented next. These dealt with such things as, the repeal of laws that placed women on an unequal status with men, equal standards of moral conduct and an end to objections of "indelicacy and impropriety" of women addressing public meetings. The ninth resolution caused Lucretia Mott to gasp when she learned of it, "Why Lizzie, thee will make us ridiculous!" (16)

Stanton considered, then at the proper time rose before the assembly and said, "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise." (17) She then spoke to her motion. "Strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live. We should not feel so sorely grieved if no man who had not attained the full stature of a Webster, Clay, Van Buren, or Gerrit Smith could claim the right of elective franchise. But to have drunkards, idiots, horse racing rum-selling rowdies, ignorant foreigners, and silly boys fully recognized, while we ourselves are thrust out from all the rights that belong to citizens, is too grossly insulting to...be longer quietly submitted to. The right is ours. Have it we must. Use it we will. The pens, the tongues, the fortunes, the indomitable wills of many women are already pledged to secure this right." (18)

The assembly sat in stunned silence. Former slave and publisher of The North Star, Frederick Douglas, jumped into the breach and spoke in favor of the resolution. Finally, after long and heated debate the motion carried by a narrow margin. True to Lucretia Mott's prediction, the mainstream press throughout the nation criticized and ridiculed the concept of a woman's right to vote. The barrage was so heavy that some of the Sentiment signers were forced by their husbands to remove their names. Only Horace Greeley's New York Tribune took the convention seriously; "It is easy to be smart, to be droll, to be facetious in opposition to the demands of these Female Reformers; and in decrying assumptions so novel and opposite to established habits and usages, a little wit will go a great way ....However unwise and mistaken the demand, it is but the assertion of a natural right and as such must be conceded." (19)

As planned at the end of the Seneca Falls meeting, a second convention was held in August in Rochester, New York. This meeting was the first entirely presided over by women. Fewer people but more critics and press attended, as did Quaker Daniel Anthony. His daughter, Susan was out of town. In 1849, Lucretia Mott published a pamphlet, Discourse on Women in which she argued the connection between economic and political freedom."Let woman then go on not asking favors, but claiming as a right the removal of all hindrances to her elevation in the scale of being," (20) she wrote.

In the decade following the Seneca Falls convention, Mott continued to speak for the rights of women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton planned tostay at home, managing the demands of her husband's state senate career and her rambunctious sons. She had voluminous correspondence and wrote suffragist articles for Amelia Bloomer's monthly magazine, Lily. It was as the guest of Amelia Bloomer that Stanton and Susan B. Anthony finally met in 1851. That same year, Stanton acquired a housekeeper, friend and confidante, Amelia Willard, who stayed with her for the next 30 years. The combination of the two events resulted in an alliance for the cause of women's rights that lasted for the next fifty years.

Quaker Susan Brownell Anthony, was the second of eight children born to a failed Massachusetts cotton mill owner, who moved to New York to become a farmer. She was trained as a schoolteacher and earned one-quarter the amount that her male colleagues were paid. When her father succeeded in the insurance business, Susan took over management of the family farm near Rochester. (21) Unmarried and with fewer domestic duties to keep her from public activity, Stanton quickly enlisted Anthony in the cause of women's rights. Anthony was already involved with both the temperance movement of Frances Willard and the abolitionists.

In the beginning, Stanton provided the ideas, rhetoric and strategy. As Anthony is believed to have said at the time, "Lizzie provides the bombs, I just throw them." Stanton and Anthony understood and depended upon each other. Stanton relied on Anthony for news and connection to the women's rights cause; Anthony needed Stanton as a sounding board, wordsmith and strategic planner. When possible, they traveled together to gather petitions, testify before state legislatures, and further the feminist cause.

As the civil war drew nearer, the work of abolition took primary importance in both women's lives. In 1862, Stanton wrote to William Seward, "this war is a simultaneous chorus for freedom." (22) She believed that feminists would earn the gratitude of abolitionists, and both Negroes and women would be rewarded with suffrage when the Union cause was won. Susan B. Anthony opposed the war on moral grounds, in keeping with her Quaker faith. Each continued to work on the underground railroad and, when possible, for the cause of women's rights. In 1863, Anthony and Stanton formed the Women's Loyal National League to press for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery, (23) and organized the largest petition drive ever seen in New York up to that time, in support of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Instead, in the five years following the Civil War, they found themselves opposed by the Republican majority in Congress, their former allies in the anti- slavery movement and, even by the former slaves they had campaigned to free. In August of 1865, Anthony and Stanton saw the significance of the word "male" in the Fourteenth Amendment. The argument that black and white women deserved the vote as much as freedmen had few advocates. To rally support, they announced the first women's rights convention since the war, basing their appeal on Equality to All. Few people came. One who did was Sojourner Truth, the former slave famous for her "Ain't I a Woman" speech. (24)

When the Fourteenth Amendment passed, it defined voters specifically as "male citizens." By one small word in the second clause, women were eliminated. In the crusade to end slavery, none had pleaded more eloquently for the Negro as had women. None had been so dishonored or vilified as had Mott, Stanton, Anthony, and those that followed them. Yet, even in the face of anger, despair and disappointment, they continued the fight for woman's suffrage until the end of their lives'. Mott, the oldest, passed away in 1880. Of her, Susan B. Anthony wrote, "Mrs. Mott fought a triple battle, first in the Religious Society... she was persecuted and ostracized by many of her old and best friends. Then, second, Anti-Slavery for her work she was almost turned out of the Society, then for her woman's rights she again lost the favor of many of her oldest and best friends, but through it all she was ever sweetly tempered and self poised." (25)

Anthony and Stanton then founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. Under its banner they criss-crossed the nation petitioning, planning, leading, lecturing and praying for the right to vote. It was opposed by a rival, more conservative group, the American Woman Suffrage Association. The schism diluted the impact of feminism until the groups finally merged, with Anthony as President, twenty years later. Although the friendship never lagged, each woman pursued a separate course. Anthony remained at the forefront of the suffrage struggle. Stanton, resigned from most of the organizations that she had founded, wrote The Woman's Bible, for which she was vilified, and preferred to reflect on larger issues. Nonetheless, she dedicated her autobiography "to Susan B. Anthony, my steadfast friend for half a century."(26) When Elizabeth Cady Stanton died in 1902, a photo of Anthony was placed atop her coffin.

Four years later, in Washington, D.C. Susan B. Anthony responded in fury to a letter from President Theodore Roosevelt that congratulated her on her eighty-sixth birthday and praised her work. "I wish that men would do something besides extend congratulations. I have asked President Roosevelt to push the matter of a constitutional amendment allowing suffrage to women by a recommendation to Congress for the cause than to praise me endlessly." Then the old campaigner looked about the room and continued, "there have been others also just as true and devoted to the cause I wish I could name every one but with such women consecrating their lives, failure is impossible." It was her final public utterance. She died less than a month later. (27)

In 1919, the Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. On August 26,1920, Tennessee became the thirty-sixth state to ratify the Amendment. It took 72 years for women to get the vote. On June 26 of last year, I attended the rededication of the Portrait Monument in the Capitol Rotunda. Once again, it was embroiled in controversy. Over the years there have been four attempts to move the statue to a place of prominence and honor. Finally, in 1995 the Senate unanimously passed a resolution to return the statue to the Rotunda. The House of Representatives, however, torpedoed the resolution by objecting to the use of federal funds for the move. All the other moves and shifts had been financed by the government. The Woman Suffrage Statue Campaign, which had spearheaded the relocation effort, raised the necessary funds. The House then passed the resolution on the further condition that the relocation be for only a year, after which a bipartisan Congressional commission would select a permanent site.

That did not end the controversy. C. DeLores Tucker, Chair of the National Political Congress of Black Women, wants the statue to be re-chiseled to include Sojourner Truth. Joan Meacham, Co-Chair of the Statue campaign responded, "Out of the 196 statues in the Capitol, only five are of women. Surely the Rotunda will not fall down if both this statue and another to Sojourner Truth were within its walls." (28)

"It took 72 years for women to get the vote and 76 years to get the statue moved," said Rep. Carolyn Maloney, a New York Democrat. "They said the statue was too ugly to stand in the Rotunda," Maloney continued. "Have you looked at Abraham Lincoln lately? He wasn't place in the Rotunda because of his good looks and neither were these women. They are here because of their accomplishments." (29)

The original inscription has not been reattached. Rep. Bill Thomas of California, Co-Chair of the Joint Committee on the Library believes that it is too strong and will not allow it to be seen in the Capitol Rotunda. It reads:
Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton The three great destiny characters of the world whose spiritual import and historical significance transcend that of all others of any country or age.

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the call of that first woman's rights convention of 1848 initiated and Susan B. Anthony marshaling the latent forces through three generations down more than a half century of time guided the only fundamental universal uprising on our planet. The Woman's Revolution.

Principle not policy; justice, not favor; men, their rights and nothing more; women, their rights and nothing less, was the clarion call to the most astounding upheaval of all time. A call which waked the world, signaled and inaugurated a revolution without tradition or precedent, and proclaimed the first incontrovertible concept of human freedom that of individual liberty personal responsibility, including women.

Woman, first denied a soul, then called mindless, now arisen declared herself an entity to be reckoned.

This mightiest of revolutions encircling the globe accomplishing without bloodshed the overthrow of entrenched dogma and hoary bigotries reached to the farthermost roots of being. Here indeed was the first, the only impeachable demand for right as might ever made.

Spiritually the woman movement is the all-enfolding one. It represents the emancipation of womanhood. The release of the feminine principle in humanity. The moral integration of human evolution come to rescue torn and struggling humanity from its savage self.
Historically these three stand unique and peerless. (30)

This upcoming Mother's Day, I will be there to help ensure that this statue of my foremothers remains where it belongs, among the patriots and fighters for liberty. I hope that those of you that believe that the right to vote is the fundamental freedom will join me.

The End

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bacon, Margaret Hope, Valiant Friend, The Life of Lucretia Mott, Walker and Company, New York, 1980.

Burnett, Constance Buel, Five For Freedom, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Greenwood Press Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1953

Griffith, Elisabeth, In Her Own Right, The Life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Oxford University Press, New York,1984.

Sherr, Lynn and Kazickas, Jurate, Susan B. Anthony Slept Here A Guide to American Women's Landmarks, Times Books/Random House, 1976.

Sherr, Lynn, Failure is Impossible Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words, Times Books/Random House, 1995.

FOOTNOTES

(1) The Star-Spangled Banner was named U.S. Anthem by Presidential Proclamation in 1916. It was confirmed by Congress in 1931. Columbia - Viking Desk Encyclopedia, 1953.

(2) June 26, 1997 Suffragist Statue Ceremonies press packet background information paper from The Joint Committee on the Library.

(3) The Woman Patriot,vol 5, nos 8 & 9, Washington, D.C., Feb.26, 1921, p.8 as quoted by the Office of the Curator, Architect of the Capitol, August, 1995.

(4) Bacon, Margaret Hope, Valiant Friend, The Life of Lucretia Mott, Walker and Company, 1980, p. 11.

(5) Burnett, Constance Buel, (U>Five For Freedom, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT 1953, p. 23.

(6) Bacon, p. 26.

(7) Burnett, p. 26.

(8) Burnett, p. 51.

(9) Griffith, Elisabeth, In Her Own Right, The Life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton(/U>, Oxford University Press, 1984, p. 8.

(10) Ibid. p. 32.

(11) Burnett, p. 43.

(12). Griffith, p. 49.

(13) Bacon p. 126.

(14) Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Declaration of Sentiments, 1848, copy provided by The Women's Rights National Historical Park, Seneca Falls, N.Y.

(15) Ibid.

(16) Bacon, p. 128.

(17) Griffith, p. 56.

(18) Ibid, p. 57.

(19) Ibid, p. 58.

(20) Bacon, p. 136.

(21) Griffith, p. 73.

(22) Ibid, p.108.

(23) Sherr, Lynn, Susan B. Anthony, In Her Own Words, Times Books/Random House, New York, 1995, p. 34.

(24) Griffith p. 125.

(25) Bacon, p. 230.

(26) Griffith, p. 214.

(27) Sherr, p. 324.

(28) Guthrie, Gayle E., The Illinois Bulletin, Illinois Federation of Business & Professional Women, September, 1997, p. 10.

(29) TheChicago Tribune, June 27, 1997, p. 3.

(30) Inscription copied by Curator Charles Fairman, C. 1921 & published in The Woman Patriot, vol 5, nos. 8&9, Washington, D.C., Feb. 26, 1929, p. 8.

Return to PAPERS
Return to Main Menu